设计学领域对“棘手问题”的讨论,长期专注于跨学科知识整合,并倡导运用设计思维和以人为本的方法寻求“问题求解”方案,然而隐性社会叙事深刻影响着“棘手问题”的复杂性与可解性。现有设计研究沿着工程设计范式,倾向将“棘手问题”框定为“可被设计”和“可解析”的对象,却较少反思“谁的问题”以及“为谁而设计”。研究采取文献回顾和时间轴分析法,依据“棘手问题”发展的主要理论节点,剖析此类问题潜在的社会和文化等因素,以及理论的演变与范式转向。通过对“棘手问题”前期研究的主要观点梳理,提出设计范式由传统的“问题解决”向“问题建构”与“共同创造”转型。主要研究贡献,是从社会建构视角重构“棘手问题”的理论基础,并通过谱系分析揭示其范式转型的特点,从而为此类问题研究与理解提供了一个跨学科的解释框架。设计问题的社会建构,不仅是换一个视角审视“棘手问题”,更为设计师从“响应者”转向“共同创造者”提供坚实的方法论基础。
Abstract
In the field of design studies, discussions on "wicked problems" have long focused on the integration of interdisciplinary professional knowledge and have advocated the use of design thinking and human-centered approaches to seek "problem-solving" solutions. However, implicit social narratives profoundly influence the complexity and solvability of such "wicked problems". Existing design research tends to frame "wicked problems" merely as "designable" objects, while paying relatively little attention to reflecting on "whose problem it is" and "for whom the design is intended".===By adopting a literature review and timeline analysis approach and drawing on the major theoretical milestones in the development of "wicked problems", the work aims to examine the underlying social and cultural factors involved, as well as the evolution of theories and paradigm shifts. By systematically reviewing the key perspectives from earlier research on "wicked problems", a paradigm transition in design from the traditional "problem-solving" model toward "problem framing and co-evolution" is proposed. The primary contribution of this work lies in reconstructing the theoretical foundation of "wicked problems" from a social constructionist perspective. Through genealogical analysis, it reveals the characteristics of this paradigm shift, thereby providing an interdisciplinary explanatory framework for the study and understanding of such issues. The social construction of design problems is not merely a shift in perspective for examining "wicked problems". More importantly, it offers a solid methodological foundation for designers to transition from "responders" to "co-creators".
关键词
霍斯特·里特尔 /
棘手问题 /
社会建构 /
谱系演变 /
范式转向
Key words
Horst Rittel /
wicked problems /
social construction /
genealogical evolution /
paradigm shift
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