The work aims to analyze the importance of information visualization design for the operational efficiency of combat system with strong timeliness and the current situation and shortcomings of information visualization design of a typical combat system. The research on how to break through the traditional extensive design method based on subjective experience, organize and present the high-dimensional data of the combat system with large amount of information and complex information representation optimally and improve the cognition and operational efficiency of the combat personnel is carried out, and a new theory of information visualization design based on the combat task flow of specific scenario is put forward. Through the combination of examples, the method of information architecture design and interface layout design based on observation task characteristics, frequency factor and weight factor is proposed, and the method of graphical design of combat data combined with cognitive science theory is given. The theory and method of mission centered design can effectively improve the operational efficiency of combat information system with strong timeliness, and can be widely used in the design of human-computer interaction and information visualization of various information systems.